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gdb: GNU Debugger
gdb (GNU Debugger) is a powerful tool for analyzing and debugging programs written in various programming languages such as C, C++, and Fortran. It is essential for understanding the internal workings of a program and for finding and fixing bugs. It supports various debugging scenarios, including attaching to a running process or analyzing core files.
gpg: OpenPGP Encryption and Signing Tool
gpg (GNU Privacy Guard) is an encryption tool that implements the OpenPGP standard. It is used to encrypt and decrypt files, and to generate and verify digital signatures. This tool is essential for ensuring communication security and data integrity.
groups: Print the list of groups a user belongs to
The `groups` command prints a list of group names that the current logged-in user or a specified user belongs to. It is useful for quickly checking a user's group membership to understand file or directory access permissions.
id: Print User and Group ID Information
The `id` command prints the user ID (UID), group ID (GID), and all supplementary group information for the current logged-in user or a specified user. It is a fundamental command useful for checking user permissions and group memberships.
info: Reading Info Documentation
The info command is a viewer for GNU Project's Info documents. It provides more structured and hyperlinked documentation than man pages, making it useful for exploring detailed usage and concepts of software.
ksh: Using the KornShell
KornShell (ksh) is a powerful command-line interpreter and scripting language used in Unix-like operating systems. Developed by David Korn in the early 1980s, it offers improved functionality by being compatible with Bourne Shell (sh) while integrating useful features from C Shell (csh), such as command history and aliases. It adheres to the POSIX standard, making it highly portable and particularly useful for complex shell scripting.
logname: Print the Real Login User Name
The `logname` command prints the user name (login name) that was used when the user first logged into the system. Unlike `whoami`, it shows the original login user name even after privileges have been changed with `su` or `sudo`.
nano: Terminal-based Text Editor
nano is an easy-to-use, terminal-based text editor primarily used for editing simple configuration files or writing scripts. Forms like 'nano-w-w-w-w-w' are not typical command names and appear to be a miscombination of the 'nano' command and the '-w' option. The '-w' option sets the editor not to automatically wrap long lines.
nano-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w: Unknown Command
`nano-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w-w` is not a commonly used or recognized command on standard Linux systems. This name is likely a typo or a custom script used only in specific environments. It is different from the common text editor `nano`.
nm: View Symbols from Object Files
The nm command displays a list of symbols (functions, variables, etc.) from compiled object files, static libraries, and shared libraries. This helps in understanding the program's structure and aids in debugging.
openssl-md5: Calculate MD5 Hash
openssl-md5, part of the OpenSSL toolkit, is used to calculate the MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) hash value of a file or input stream. MD5 is a cryptographic hash function primarily used for verifying data integrity. This command is typically used in the form `openssl dgst -md5`, or dedicated commands like `md5sum` are more commonly used.
openssl-sha256: Generate SHA256 Hash
This guide explains how to calculate the SHA256 hash value for files or standard input (strings) using the `dgst` subcommand of the `openssl` command. This is an essential security tool for verifying data integrity and detecting file tampering.