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paste: Merge lines of files
The paste command merges lines from one or more files, outputting them to standard output. By default, lines from each file are separated by a tab character. This command is useful for preprocessing tasks such as combining multiple data sources or aligning data based on specific columns.
patch: Apply Changes (Patches) to Files
The 'patch' command is used to apply changes to original files using patch files (.patch) generated by the 'diff' command. This tool allows for efficient modification of source code or updating configuration files.
perl: Perl Language Interpreter
Perl is a powerful scripting language used in various fields such as text processing, system administration, and web development. It offers particularly strong capabilities for text manipulation based on regular expressions and allows for rapid development due to its flexible syntax.
pgrep: Find Process IDs
The `pgrep` command searches through the list of running processes based on specific criteria (e.g., process name, user, full command line) and outputs the Process IDs (PIDs) of those processes. This is more efficient and convenient than combining the `ps` and `grep` commands to find the desired processes.
ping Command Guide: Checking Network Connectivity
`ping` is a utility used to test whether a host can be reached over an IP network. By sending ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo request packets to the target host and waiting for a response, it measures the network connection status, packet loss rate, and round-trip time (RTT). It is one of the most basic tools for network troubleshooting.
Mastering the Pipe (|): The Core Tool for Command Chaining
The pipe (`|`) in Linux/Unix shells is a mechanism that connects two or more commands, passing the standard output of one command as the standard input to the next. It's one of the core shell features used to break down complex tasks into multiple simpler commands and process them sequentially. Data flows in one direction, much like a water pipe.
pkill: Terminate/Signal Processes by Name
pkill is a command that sends signals to processes based on their name or other attributes. It is similar to `pgrep`, but it directly sends signals to the found processes. It is useful for terminating or restarting all processes with a specific name at once.
poweroff: Guide to Shutting Down the System
The poweroff command is used to safely shut down the system and completely cut off power. It is similar to 'halt' but its primary purpose is to turn off the power. It is mainly used by system administrators to shut down servers.
pr: Format text files for printing
The pr command converts text files into a format suitable for printing. It offers various formatting features such as adding page numbers, headers, dates, splitting into multiple columns, or adjusting page length. It is commonly used to make text more readable in the terminal or before printing.
ps Command Guide: Viewing Process Status
`ps` command (process status) is used to display a snapshot of currently running processes in Linux and Unix-like operating systems. It is an essential tool for checking which programs are running on the system and the status of each program. Through this guide, learn how to effectively query and analyze process information using various options of the `ps` command.
pwd Command Guide: Check Current Working Directory
`pwd` command (print working directory) is used in Linux and Unix-like operating systems to display the full path of the directory you are currently working in. It is the simplest and most basic way to check your location within the file system. Use this guide to learn how to use the `pwd` command.
read: Reading User Input
The read command reads a single line from standard input (stdin) or a specified file descriptor and stores it in one or more variables. It is commonly used in shell scripting to get user input or process file content. This command is built into most shells, including Bash and Zsh.