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ping Command Guide: Checking Network Connectivity
`ping` is a utility used to test whether a host can be reached over an IP network. By sending ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo request packets to the target host and waiting for a response, it measures the network connection status, packet loss rate, and round-trip time (RTT). It is one of the most basic tools for network troubleshooting.
Mastering the Pipe (|): The Core Tool for Command Chaining
The pipe (`|`) in Linux/Unix shells is a mechanism that connects two or more commands, passing the standard output of one command as the standard input to the next. It's one of the core shell features used to break down complex tasks into multiple simpler commands and process them sequentially. Data flows in one direction, much like a water pipe.
pkill: Terminate/Signal Processes by Name
pkill is a command that sends signals to processes based on their name or other attributes. It is similar to `pgrep`, but it directly sends signals to the found processes. It is useful for terminating or restarting all processes with a specific name at once.
poweroff: Guide to Shutting Down the System
The poweroff command is used to safely shut down the system and completely cut off power. It is similar to 'halt' but its primary purpose is to turn off the power. It is mainly used by system administrators to shut down servers.
pr: Format text files for printing
The pr command converts text files into a format suitable for printing. It offers various formatting features such as adding page numbers, headers, dates, splitting into multiple columns, or adjusting page length. It is commonly used to make text more readable in the terminal or before printing.
printf: Formatted Output
`printf` is a command similar to the C language's `printf` function, which outputs data to standard output according to a specified format string. It allows you to format variables or literal values in various ways (integers, floating-point numbers, strings, etc.) and insert special characters using escape sequences. It offers more precise output control than the `echo` command.
ps: View detailed information of all processes
The ps command displays a snapshot of currently running processes. Specifically, the 'ps -ef' option combination is essential for process monitoring and troubleshooting as it outputs detailed information about all system processes in a standard format.
psql: PostgreSQL Interactive Terminal
psql is a command-line client tool that allows you to connect to PostgreSQL databases, execute SQL queries, manage database objects, and retrieve metadata. It supports both interactive and script execution modes.
pv: Monitor Pipe Data Progress
pv (Pipe Viewer) is a tool for monitoring the progress of data through a pipeline. It displays real-time data throughput, total data transferred, and estimated completion time, helping you visually track the progress of long-running operations.
pwd Command Guide: Check Current Working Directory
`pwd` command (print working directory) is used in Linux and Unix-like operating systems to display the full path of the directory you are currently working in. It is the simplest and most basic way to check your location within the file system. Use this guide to learn how to use the `pwd` command.
python: Execute Python Interpreter
Python is an interpreter for a powerful and versatile programming language. This command allows you to execute Python scripts or enter an interactive shell to run and test code immediately. It is widely used in data analysis, web development, automation, and various other fields.
python3: Execute Python 3 Interpreter
The python3 command is used to start the Python 3 interpreter or execute Python 3 scripts. It can be utilized in various ways, such as launching an interactive shell, running specific modules, or executing code strings, and is widely used in areas like system automation, web development, and data analysis.