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insmod: Insert Linux Kernel Module
The insmod command is used to insert a loadable kernel module (LKM) into the Linux kernel. It is typically used to load compiled module files, usually with a `.ko` extension, to add new functionality or enable hardware drivers. This command does not automatically resolve module dependencies, so modules with dependencies must be loaded manually first. In most cases, using the `modprobe` command is recommended.
iostat: Report CPU utilization and I/O statistics
iostat is a command that reports CPU utilization and device (disk, partition) input/output statistics in real-time or at specified intervals. It is useful for diagnosing system performance bottlenecks and resolving I/O-related issues.
iotop: Disk I/O Usage Monitoring
iotop is a utility for Linux systems that monitors disk I/O usage by processes or threads in real-time. It functions similarly to the 'top' command but focuses on disk read/write activity instead of CPU and memory usage. It is useful for diagnosing I/O bottlenecks in a system and identifying which processes are consuming significant disk resources.
journalctl: Real-time System Log Monitoring
journalctl is a powerful tool for querying and analyzing logs generated by the systemd journal. The `-f` option, in particular, is highly useful for diagnosing system issues or monitoring application behavior by tracking new log entries in real-time. It is similar to the traditional `tail -f` command but leverages the structured data of the systemd journal for more robust filtering and searching capabilities.
journalctl -xe: Detailed System Log Analysis and Problem Diagnosis
`journalctl -xe` is a command that displays the latest log entries from the `systemd` journal with detailed explanations. It is very useful for diagnosing system errors, warning messages, or problems with specific services, providing additional context and information needed for troubleshooting.
last: Check System Login and Reboot Records
The last command analyzes the `/var/log/wtmp` file to display a reverse chronological list of users who have logged into the system, their terminals, login times, logout times, and system reboot records. This allows you to track system usage history and use it for security audits.
lastb: View Failed Login Attempts
The lastb command displays a list of failed login attempts on the system. It typically reads the `/var/log/btmp` file, allowing you to see who failed to log in, when, and from which terminal, making it useful for security audits.
logrotate: System Log File Management
logrotate is a utility that automates the rotation, compression, removal, and mailing of system log files. This tool prevents log files from growing too large, consuming disk space, or impacting system performance, thereby enabling efficient log management.
lspci: Check PCI Device Information
This command displays detailed information about all devices connected to the system's PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus. It is used to check information for various hardware devices such as graphics cards, network cards, and sound cards.
lsusb: List USB Devices
Lists information about USB devices connected to the system. It displays details such as USB bus, device ID, manufacturer, product name, and speed, making it useful for troubleshooting and identifying USB devices.
man Command Guide: Accessing Linux Manual Pages
`man` command (short for manual) is used to display online manual pages for various system elements such as commands, functions, file formats, and kernel interfaces in Linux and Unix-like operating systems. It is a fundamental source of information to understand system functionality and troubleshoot issues. Through this guide, learn how to use the `man` command and efficiently navigate the manual pages.
mkfs: File System Creation Tool
The mkfs command is used in Linux to create (format) file systems on disk partitions. With this tool, you can create new partitions and build a logical structure where data can be stored. It supports various file system types (ext4, XFS, FAT, etc.).