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jq: Processing JSON Data
jq is a powerful tool for efficiently processing and transforming JSON data on the command line. It is used to filter, slice, map, and transform JSON data, making it easy to extract desired information even from complex JSON structures. It is frequently used with other commands via pipes (|).
Guide to the kill Command: Terminating Processes
`kill` command is used to send signals to processes running on a Linux system to control them. It is primarily used to terminate (kill) processes, but it can also send other types of signals to modify the behavior of the processes. Through this guide, learn the basic usage of the `kill` command and how to utilize various signals.
killall: Terminate processes by name
The killall command sends a signal to all running processes with a specified name. This is useful for terminating all instances of a particular application or service at once. By default, it sends the SIGTERM signal, but you can specify other signals as well.
killall5: Send a signal to all processes
killall5 is a command that sends a specified signal to all processes on the system (except for the init process). It is primarily used during system shutdown or reboot and can be very powerful and dangerous, so it should be used with caution.
ksh: Using the KornShell
KornShell (ksh) is a powerful command-line interpreter and scripting language used in Unix-like operating systems. Developed by David Korn in the early 1980s, it offers improved functionality by being compatible with Bourne Shell (sh) while integrating useful features from C Shell (csh), such as command history and aliases. It adheres to the POSIX standard, making it highly portable and particularly useful for complex shell scripting.
last: Check System Login and Reboot Records
The last command analyzes the `/var/log/wtmp` file to display a reverse chronological list of users who have logged into the system, their terminals, login times, logout times, and system reboot records. This allows you to track system usage history and use it for security audits.
lastb: View Failed Login Attempts
The lastb command displays a list of failed login attempts on the system. It typically reads the `/var/log/btmp` file, allowing you to see who failed to log in, when, and from which terminal, making it useful for security audits.
ldd: Check Shared Library Dependencies
The ldd command prints the shared libraries required by dynamically linked executables or shared libraries. This is useful for understanding which libraries a program depends on and where those libraries are located on the system.
less: Freely Explore Text File Content
The `less` command displays the content of text files page by page and is a powerful paginator that, unlike `more`, allows you to freely navigate file content forwards and backwards. It is useful for efficiently reading large files or log files.
lesspipe: Input preprocessor for less
`lesspipe` is an input preprocessor script that extends the functionality of the `less` command, allowing you to view various file formats such as compressed files, archives, and PDFs directly with `less`. It works by calling `lesspipe` before `less` opens a file, via the `LESSOPEN` environment variable, to pipe the file's content. This enables users to instantly inspect file contents without the need for additional steps to decompress or convert them.
link: Create a hard link to a file
The `link` command is used to create a hard link to an existing file. A hard link shares the same inode as the original file, acting as another name that points to the same data within the file system. If the original file is deleted, the data remains accessible as long as a hard link to it exists.
ln: Create File Links (Symbolic Links)
The ln command is used to create links to files or directories within the file system. It is primarily used to create symbolic links (soft links) that allow access to the original file by a different name or path without changing the original file's location. It supports two types of links: hard links and symbolic links.