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systemd-analyze: System Boot and Service Analysis
systemd-analyze is a powerful tool used to analyze and debug boot times and individual service startup times on systemd-based systems. It is useful for optimizing system performance.
systemd-bootctl: Managing the systemd-boot Bootloader
systemd-bootctl is a utility for managing the systemd-boot bootloader on UEFI systems. It is responsible for installing, updating, removing the bootloader, and configuring boot entries, primarily by directly accessing the EFI System Partition (ESP).
systemd-cgls: View Control Group Contents
systemd-cgls is a command that recursively displays the hierarchy and contents of control groups (cgroups) managed by systemd. It is useful for understanding how processes, services, and user sessions on the system are organized into resource groups, allowing for a visual inspection of resource management and isolation status.
systemd-mount: Create and Manage Temporary Mount Points
systemd-mount is part of the systemd service manager and is used to temporarily mount file systems or create and manage automount units. This command allows for dynamic mount point configuration without modifying /etc/fstab, making it useful for one-off mounts or within scripts.
systemd-networkd: Network Configuration Management Daemon
systemd-networkd, part of the systemd suite, is a daemon for managing network device configuration on Linux systems. It uses `.network` files to declaratively automate and manage IP addresses, routing, and DNS settings for various network interfaces such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, bridges, and VLANs. It initializes network services at system boot and handles network changes during runtime.
systemd-nspawn: Lightweight Container Execution
systemd-nspawn, part of the systemd project, is a tool for creating and running isolated Linux container environments without the overhead of virtual machines. It provides stronger isolation than chroot and is lighter than virtual machines, making it useful for setting up test, development, and deployment environments.
systemd-repart: Automatic Disk Partition Expansion and Creation
systemd-repart is a utility used to automatically expand or create disk partitions. It is primarily utilized during the system's first boot or during system updates to dynamically adjust the partition layout. It operates based on JSON-formatted partition definition files and supports a dry-run mode for safe modifications.
systemd-resolve: DNS Name Resolution and Cache Management
systemd-resolve is the client for the systemd-resolved service, handling DNS, LLMNR, and mDNS name resolution requests and managing its cache. It is used to diagnose and control the system's name resolution behavior.
systemd-run: Execute programs with transient systemd units
The systemd-run command executes a specified program as a transient scope or service unit. This allows you to manage the program's resources, execution environment, and logging under systemd's control, enabling it to run independently of the existing shell environment. It is particularly useful for background tasks, operations requiring resource limitations, or when specific systemd features are needed.
systemd-tmpfiles: Managing Temporary and Volatile Files
`systemd-tmpfiles` is a utility used to create, delete, and clean up temporary files, volatile files, and runtime directories on a system. It operates based on configuration files such as those found in `/etc/tmpfiles.d/*.conf` and `/usr/lib/tmpfiles.d/*.conf`. It runs during system boot or periodically to manage the state of the file system, contributing to system stability and security.
systemd-umount: systemd Unmount
systemd-umount is a command within the systemd system and service manager used for managing and unmounting file system mount points. It is similar to the general `umount` command but integrates with systemd's concept of mount units. It is often called indirectly through the `systemctl` command or used directly when performing specific systemd-related mount operations.
tac: Output file content in reverse
The tac command reads files line by line and outputs them in reverse order, from the last line to the first. It is useful for checking log files or time-ordered data from most recent to oldest, performing the opposite function of the 'cat' command.