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id: Print User and Group ID Information
The `id` command prints the user ID (UID), group ID (GID), and all supplementary group information for the current logged-in user or a specified user. It is a fundamental command useful for checking user permissions and group memberships.
ifconfig Command Guide: Checking and Configuring Network Interface Information (Legacy)
`ifconfig` command is a utility used to check and configure network interface information in Linux and Unix-like operating systems. It can display IP addresses, MAC addresses, network statistics, and more. **However, the more powerful and flexible `ip` command has replaced `ifconfig` in modern Linux systems, so it is recommended to use the `ip` command.** This guide will help you learn the basic usage of `ifconfig` and understand why you should transition to `ip`.
init: System Initialization and Process Management
init is the first process executed (PID 1) in traditional Unix and Linux systems, acting as the parent process that manages all other system processes. It is responsible for system startup (booting) and shutdown, and controls the system's operating mode through runlevels. In modern Linux distributions, it is being replaced by systemd.
iostat: Report CPU utilization and I/O statistics
iostat is a command that reports CPU utilization and device (disk, partition) input/output statistics in real-time or at specified intervals. It is useful for diagnosing system performance bottlenecks and resolving I/O-related issues.
ip Command Guide: Managing Network Interfaces and Routing
`ip` command is a powerful command-line utility used to check and configure various network-related information such as network interfaces, routing tables, and ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) cache in Linux. It offers more features than the traditional `ifconfig` command and is the recommended tool for network management on modern Linux systems. Use this guide to learn the main usages of the `ip` command.
iptables: Linux Firewall Rule Management
iptables is a command-line utility that uses the Netfilter framework in the Linux kernel to configure and manage IPv4 packet filtering and NAT (Network Address Translation) rules. It allows you to control network traffic and enhance system security. iptables defines packet processing rules using the concepts of chains and tables.
iptables-restore: Restoring iptables Rules
The iptables-restore command is used to restore iptables (IPv4) or ip6tables (IPv6) rules previously saved by the `iptables-save` command. This allows you to maintain firewall rules after a reboot or easily apply backed-up rules.
iptables-save: Save iptables Firewall Rules
iptables-save is a command that dumps the IPv4 iptables firewall rules currently loaded in the kernel to standard output. This command is primarily used to save the currently configured firewall rules to a file for backup or to restore rules upon system reboot. It is used in conjunction with the `iptables-restore` command to manage the persistence of firewall rules.
jobs: Manage Background Jobs
The `jobs` command is used to check the status of background jobs running in the current shell. It displays the job number, status, command, and more, allowing for efficient management of multiple tasks.
join: Merge Common Fields of Two Files
The join command merges lines of two sorted text files based on a specified common field and outputs the result to standard output. It functions similarly to a JOIN operation in databases, combining corresponding lines from each file to create new lines.
Mastering Journalctl
A key tool for querying and managing systemd logs. Use this guide to learn about the various options and uses of `journalctl`.
jq: Processing JSON Data
jq is a powerful tool for efficiently processing and transforming JSON data on the command line. It is used to filter, slice, map, and transform JSON data, making it easy to extract desired information even from complex JSON structures. It is frequently used with other commands via pipes (|).